Cas9 and DNA identification This subpage constitutes the first part of the theory for Biotech Academy’s material on CRISPR-Cas9. Genetic modification and DNA doublestrand breaking The Cas9 protein forms precise double-strand breaks in self-selected positions in DNA. The location of the double-strand break depends on the selected gRNA, which is bound in Cas9. Double
Antibodies have been used as medicines for a wide range of diseases. However, there is a group of target molecules that researchers are struggeling to find antibodies against. These target molecules are a group of membrane proteins – more specifically, ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are found in the membranes of our
Vaccines and their origins We all know vaccines, and the vast majority of people have been vaccinated several times throughout their lives, starting with the childhood vaccination program. In such programs, many receive their first vaccine when they are 3 months old. The world’s first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 against smallpox.
Meiosis is a way cells divide. The purpose of meiotic cell division is to create genetic variation, therefore not all cell divisions occur meiotically. The cells that divide by means of Meiosis is gametes, also called gametes. Gametes are found in all organisms that divide sexually. In animals, the gametes are called eggs and sperm,
Why do you get hungry? This subpage on why you get hungry forms the first part of the theory for Biotech Academy’s material on the Body and Diet . Almost all living organisms have a brain. Your brain collects everything you see, hear, feel, taste and smell. The brain has always been an interesting
CRISPR/Cas9 examples This subpage constitutes the first part of the theory for Biotech Academy’s material on CRISPR-Cas9. Cas9-based knock-out of the albA gene in Aspergillus aculeatinus A gene knock-out by destruction of a gene sequence in a metabolic pathway for phenotype study. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus aculeatinus has a surface consisting of many spores that
CRISPR/Cas9 complications This subpage constitutes the fifth part of the theory for Biotech Academy’s material on CRISPR-Cas9. Off-target effects and possible solutions The first problem encountered with genetic modification with Cas9 is off-target effects. These are seen when the Cas9 protein interacts with a different sequence than the one planned to modify. It is clear
CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery Methods This subpage constitutes the fourth part of the theory for Biotech Academy’s material on CRISPR-Cas9. In order to perform genetic modification, Cas9 and sgRNA must be introduced into cells through the cell membrane and enter the cell nucleus into the genomic DNA. This delivery can be done by different approaches. Cas9 can
Design of sgRNA This subpage constitutes the third part of the theory for Biotech Academy’s material on CRISPR-Cas9. To perform gene modification with Cas9 in a gene in a given organism, one must first design gRNA that can recognize the sequence. Single chimeric guide RNA (sgRNA) is a type of artificial gRNA that you can
